diff --git a/app/src/main/java/com/bitchat/android/nostr/NostrDirectMessageHandler.kt b/app/src/main/java/com/bitchat/android/nostr/NostrDirectMessageHandler.kt
index 7a49057d..469972c8 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/com/bitchat/android/nostr/NostrDirectMessageHandler.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/com/bitchat/android/nostr/NostrDirectMessageHandler.kt
@@ -31,11 +31,14 @@ class NostrDirectMessageHandler(
     private val meshDelegateHandler: MeshDelegateHandler,
     private val scope: CoroutineScope,
     private val repo: GeohashRepository,
-    private val dataManager: com.bitchat.android.ui.DataManager
+    private val dataManager: com.bitchat.android.ui.DataManager,
+    private val seenStoreProvider: () -> SeenMessageStore = {
+        SeenMessageStore.getInstance(application)
+    }
 ) {
     companion object { private const val TAG = "NostrDirectMessageHandler" }
 
-    private val seenStore by lazy { SeenMessageStore.getInstance(application) }
+    private val seenStore by lazy(seenStoreProvider)
 
     // Simple event deduplication
     private val processedIds = ArrayDeque<String>()
@@ -82,7 +85,7 @@ class NostrDirectMessageHandler(
                 if (packet.type != com.bitchat.android.protocol.MessageType.NOISE_ENCRYPTED.value) return@launch
 
                 val noisePayload = NoisePayload.decode(packet.payload) ?: return@launch
-                val messageTimestamp = Date(giftWrap.createdAt * 1000L)
+                val messageTimestamp = Date(rumorTimestamp * 1000L)
                 val convKey = "nostr_${senderPubkey.take(16)}"
                 repo.putNostrKeyMapping(convKey, senderPubkey)
                 com.bitchat.android.nostr.GeohashAliasRegistry.put(convKey, senderPubkey)
diff --git a/app/src/test/kotlin/com/bitchat/android/nostr/NostrDirectMessageHandlerTest.kt b/app/src/test/kotlin/com/bitchat/android/nostr/NostrDirectMessageHandlerTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..738b3231
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/src/test/kotlin/com/bitchat/android/nostr/NostrDirectMessageHandlerTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+package com.bitchat.android.nostr
+
+import android.os.Build
+import com.bitchat.android.services.AppStateStore
+import com.bitchat.android.services.SeenMessageStore
+import com.bitchat.android.ui.ChatState
+import com.bitchat.android.ui.DataManager
+import com.bitchat.android.ui.MeshDelegateHandler
+import com.bitchat.android.ui.MessageManager
+import com.bitchat.android.ui.NoiseSessionDelegate
+import com.bitchat.android.ui.PrivateChatManager
+import com.google.gson.Gson
+import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
+import kotlinx.coroutines.ExperimentalCoroutinesApi
+import kotlinx.coroutines.SupervisorJob
+import kotlinx.coroutines.cancel
+import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
+import kotlinx.coroutines.test.UnconfinedTestDispatcher
+import kotlinx.coroutines.test.resetMain
+import kotlinx.coroutines.test.setMain
+import kotlinx.coroutines.withTimeout
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.kotlin.any
+import org.mockito.kotlin.mock
+import org.mockito.kotlin.whenever
+import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
+import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment
+import org.robolectric.annotation.Config
+
+@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
+@Config(sdk = [Build.VERSION_CODES.P], manifest = Config.NONE)
+@OptIn(ExperimentalCoroutinesApi::class)
+class NostrDirectMessageHandlerTest {
+    private val gson = Gson()
+    private lateinit var scope: CoroutineScope
+
+    @Before
+    fun setUp() {
+        Dispatchers.setMain(UnconfinedTestDispatcher())
+        scope = CoroutineScope(SupervisorJob() + Dispatchers.Unconfined)
+        AppStateStore.clear()
+    }
+
+    @After
+    fun tearDown() {
+        AppStateStore.clear()
+        scope.cancel()
+        Dispatchers.resetMain()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `private messages use authenticated rumor time instead of randomized gift wrap time`() {
+        val application = RuntimeEnvironment.getApplication()
+        val state = ChatState(scope).apply { setNickname("recipient") }
+        val dataManager = DataManager(application)
+        val messageManager = MessageManager(state)
+        val privateChatManager = PrivateChatManager(
+            state = state,
+            messageManager = messageManager,
+            dataManager = dataManager,
+            noiseSessionDelegate = mock<NoiseSessionDelegate>()
+        )
+        val seenStore = mock<SeenMessageStore>()
+        whenever(seenStore.hasDelivered(any())).thenReturn(true)
+        whenever(seenStore.hasRead(any())).thenReturn(false)
+        val handler = NostrDirectMessageHandler(
+            application = application,
+            state = state,
+            privateChatManager = privateChatManager,
+            meshDelegateHandler = mock<MeshDelegateHandler>(),
+            scope = scope,
+            repo = GeohashRepository(application, state, dataManager),
+            dataManager = dataManager,
+            seenStoreProvider = { seenStore }
+        )
+        val sender = NostrIdentity.generate()
+        val recipient = NostrIdentity.generate()
+        val now = (System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000).toInt()
+        val firstRumorTime = now - 120
+        val secondRumorTime = now - 60
+        val firstId = "first-real-time"
+        val secondId = "second-real-time"
+
+        val first = privateMessageGiftWrap(
+            content = requireNotNull(
+                NostrEmbeddedBitChat.encodePMForNostrNoRecipient(
+                    content = "first",
+                    messageID = firstId,
+                    senderPeerID = "0011223344556677"
+                )
+            ),
+            sender = sender,
+            recipient = recipient,
+            rumorCreatedAt = firstRumorTime,
+            giftWrapCreatedAt = now - 5
+        )
+        val second = privateMessageGiftWrap(
+            content = requireNotNull(
+                NostrEmbeddedBitChat.encodePMForNostrNoRecipient(
+                    content = "second",
+                    messageID = secondId,
+                    senderPeerID = "0011223344556677"
+                )
+            ),
+            sender = sender,
+            recipient = recipient,
+            rumorCreatedAt = secondRumorTime,
+            giftWrapCreatedAt = now - 86_400
+        )
+
+        handler.onGiftWrap(first, "", recipient)
+        waitForMessage(state, firstId)
+        handler.onGiftWrap(second, "", recipient)
+        waitForMessage(state, secondId)
+
+        val messages = state.getPrivateChatsValue().values.single()
+        assertEquals(listOf(firstId, secondId), messages.map { it.id })
+        assertEquals(firstRumorTime * 1000L, messages[0].timestamp.time)
+        assertEquals(secondRumorTime * 1000L, messages[1].timestamp.time)
+    }
+
+    private fun waitForMessage(state: ChatState, messageId: String) {
+        kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking {
+            withTimeout(5_000) {
+                while (state.getPrivateChatsValue().values.flatten().none { it.id == messageId }) {
+                    delay(10)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun privateMessageGiftWrap(
+        content: String,
+        sender: NostrIdentity,
+        recipient: NostrIdentity,
+        rumorCreatedAt: Int,
+        giftWrapCreatedAt: Int
+    ): NostrEvent {
+        val rumorBase = NostrEvent(
+            pubkey = sender.publicKeyHex,
+            createdAt = rumorCreatedAt,
+            kind = NostrKind.DIRECT_MESSAGE,
+            tags = listOf(listOf("p", recipient.publicKeyHex)),
+            content = content
+        )
+        val rumor = rumorBase.copy(id = rumorBase.computeEventIdHex())
+        val sealContent = NostrCrypto.encryptNIP44(
+            plaintext = gson.toJson(rumor),
+            recipientPublicKeyHex = recipient.publicKeyHex,
+            senderPrivateKeyHex = sender.privateKeyHex
+        )
+        val seal = NostrEvent(
+            pubkey = sender.publicKeyHex,
+            createdAt = giftWrapCreatedAt,
+            kind = NostrKind.SEAL,
+            tags = emptyList(),
+            content = sealContent
+        ).sign(sender.privateKeyHex)
+
+        val (wrapPrivateKey, wrapPublicKey) = NostrCrypto.generateKeyPair()
+        val giftWrapContent = NostrCrypto.encryptNIP44(
+            plaintext = gson.toJson(seal),
+            recipientPublicKeyHex = recipient.publicKeyHex,
+            senderPrivateKeyHex = wrapPrivateKey
+        )
+        return NostrEvent(
+            pubkey = wrapPublicKey,
+            createdAt = giftWrapCreatedAt,
+            kind = NostrKind.GIFT_WRAP,
+            tags = listOf(listOf("p", recipient.publicKeyHex)),
+            content = giftWrapContent
+        ).sign(wrapPrivateKey)
+    }
+}