diff --git a/bitchat/Services/MessageFormattingEngine.swift b/bitchat/Services/MessageFormattingEngine.swift
index 024bff5d..1f5c656e 100644
--- a/bitchat/Services/MessageFormattingEngine.swift
+++ b/bitchat/Services/MessageFormattingEngine.swift
@@ -368,23 +368,35 @@ final class MessageFormattingEngine {
             allMatches.append(ContentMatch(range: match.range(at: 0), type: .lnurl))
         }
 
-        // Sort by position, then drop any match that overlaps one already
-        // kept. The per-type checks above only guard specific known pairs
-        // (e.g. bolt11/lnurl against url/lightning) -- they don't cover every
+        // The per-type checks above only guard specific known pairs (e.g.
+        // bolt11/lnurl against url/lightning) -- they don't cover every
         // combination, so an ordinary message can still produce overlapping
         // matches of two OTHER types the checks never compared (e.g. a URL
-        // whose path embeds a "cashuA..."-shaped token). formatContent's
-        // single linear pass assumes non-overlapping, strictly-increasing
-        // ranges; without this pass a nested match re-renders already-shown
-        // text and can walk `lastEnd` backwards, duplicating a trailing
-        // slice of content a second time.
-        let sorted = allMatches.sorted { $0.range.location < $1.range.location }
-        var resolved: [ContentMatch] = []
+        // whose path embeds a "cashuA..."-shaped token). Resolve any
+        // remaining overlap before handing matches to a rendering pass.
+        return resolveOverlappingMatches(allMatches) { $0.range }
+    }
+
+    /// Sorts matches by start position and greedily keeps only non-overlapping
+    /// ones, dropping any later match whose start falls inside an
+    /// already-kept match's range. Rendering passes that consume the result
+    /// (here and in `ChatMessageFormatter`, which has its own copy of the
+    /// match-collection logic above) assume non-overlapping,
+    /// strictly-increasing ranges; without this resolution a nested match
+    /// re-renders already-shown text and can walk the render cursor
+    /// backwards, duplicating a trailing slice of content a second time.
+    static func resolveOverlappingMatches<Match>(
+        _ matches: [Match],
+        range: (Match) -> NSRange
+    ) -> [Match] {
+        let sorted = matches.sorted { range($0).location < range($1).location }
+        var resolved: [Match] = []
         var occupiedUntil = 0
         for match in sorted {
-            guard match.range.location >= occupiedUntil else { continue }
+            let matchRange = range(match)
+            guard matchRange.location >= occupiedUntil else { continue }
             resolved.append(match)
-            occupiedUntil = match.range.location + match.range.length
+            occupiedUntil = matchRange.location + matchRange.length
         }
         return resolved
     }
diff --git a/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatMessageFormatter.swift b/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatMessageFormatter.swift
index b08c8c7c..b6653ab6 100644
--- a/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatMessageFormatter.swift
+++ b/bitchat/ViewModels/ChatMessageFormatter.swift
@@ -188,25 +188,17 @@ final class ChatMessageFormatter {
                 where !overlapsMention(match.range(at: 0)) && !overlapsOccupied(match.range(at: 0)) {
                     allMatches.append((match.range(at: 0), "lnurl"))
                 }
-                allMatches.sort { $0.range.location < $1.range.location }
 
-                // Drop any match that overlaps one already kept. The
-                // per-type checks above only guard specific known pairs
+                // The per-type checks above only guard specific known pairs
                 // (e.g. bolt11/lnurl against url+lightning); they don't
                 // cover every combination, so an ordinary message can still
                 // produce overlapping matches of two OTHER types (e.g. a URL
                 // whose path embeds a "cashuA..."-shaped token). The render
                 // loop below assumes non-overlapping, strictly-increasing
-                // ranges; without this pass a nested cashu/lightning match
-                // renders as an extra spacer character injected into
-                // already-shown text instead of being skipped.
-                var resolvedMatches: [(range: NSRange, type: String)] = []
-                var occupiedUntil = 0
-                for match in allMatches {
-                    guard match.range.location >= occupiedUntil else { continue }
-                    resolvedMatches.append(match)
-                    occupiedUntil = match.range.location + match.range.length
-                }
+                // ranges; without resolving those first, a nested
+                // cashu/lightning match renders as an extra spacer character
+                // injected into already-shown text instead of being skipped.
+                let resolvedMatches = MessageFormattingEngine.resolveOverlappingMatches(allMatches) { $0.range }
 
                 var lastEnd = content.startIndex
                 let myNickname = viewModel.nickname.normalizedNickname
diff --git a/bitchatTests/MessageFormattingEngineTests.swift b/bitchatTests/MessageFormattingEngineTests.swift
index 0484c5e0..f32cd69a 100644
--- a/bitchatTests/MessageFormattingEngineTests.swift
+++ b/bitchatTests/MessageFormattingEngineTests.swift
@@ -375,6 +375,43 @@ struct MessageFormattingEngineTests {
 
         #expect(String(formatted.characters) == "<@alice> \(content) [\(message.formattedTimestamp)]")
     }
+
+    // MARK: - resolveOverlappingMatches Tests
+    //
+    // Direct coverage for the shared helper `ChatMessageFormatter` also
+    // calls, since its own match-collection logic (a hand-copy of
+    // findAllMatches above) isn't independently unit-testable without a
+    // live ChatViewModel.
+
+    @Test func resolveOverlappingMatches_dropsANestedOverlap() {
+        let outer = (range: NSRange(location: 0, length: 10), type: "outer")
+        let nested = (range: NSRange(location: 3, length: 2), type: "nested")
+
+        let resolved = MessageFormattingEngine.resolveOverlappingMatches([outer, nested]) { $0.range }
+
+        #expect(resolved.map(\.type) == ["outer"])
+    }
+
+    @Test func resolveOverlappingMatches_keepsNonOverlappingMatchesSortedByStart() {
+        let first = (range: NSRange(location: 0, length: 3), type: "first")
+        let second = (range: NSRange(location: 5, length: 3), type: "second")
+
+        // Passed out of order; the helper must sort internally.
+        let resolved = MessageFormattingEngine.resolveOverlappingMatches([second, first]) { $0.range }
+
+        #expect(resolved.map(\.type) == ["first", "second"])
+    }
+
+    @Test func resolveOverlappingMatches_adjacentNonOverlappingMatchesAreBothKept() {
+        // A match starting exactly where the previous one ends is not an
+        // overlap (NSRange upper bound is exclusive).
+        let first = (range: NSRange(location: 0, length: 5), type: "first")
+        let adjacent = (range: NSRange(location: 5, length: 5), type: "adjacent")
+
+        let resolved = MessageFormattingEngine.resolveOverlappingMatches([first, adjacent]) { $0.range }
+
+        #expect(resolved.map(\.type) == ["first", "adjacent"])
+    }
 }
 
 @MainActor