sso: Switch to django-axes >= 5.0

- Add explicit dependency on django-ipware >=3. django-axes >= 6 adds
only and optional dependency on django-ipware. Adding explicit dependency make
the behavior safer.

- Depend on django-axes >= 5 where the authentication backend and other features
are available. The new code won't work with older versions. The new approach
uses and authentication backend to deny access to the login form on lockout and
a middleware to redirect user to locked out form when limit of attempts have
been reached.

- Drop old code used for compatibility with django-axes 3.x.

- Suppress verbose and debug messages as django-axes is too chatty.

- Re-implment the CAPTCHA form entirely. In the old style, we have a login form
with CAPTCHA field. That would not work with the new django-axes authentication
middle. On submission of the form, auth.authenticate() will be called. This
call invokes various authentication backends include django-axes authentication
backend. This backend's behavior is to reject all authentication attempts when
the IP is listed in locked table. The new approach is to provide a simple
CAPTCHA form with just the CAPTCHA field. If the form is successfully
validated (correct CAPTCHA is provided), then the lock on the IP address is
reset. The user is then free to perform 3 more attempts to login.

- Update firstboot form to send the request parameter when using
auth.authenticate() method. This needed by Django axes' authentication method
which will be triggered.

Tests:

- Run tests on Debian Bookworm and Debian testing.

- Axes verbose messages and debug messages are not printed on the console when
running FreedomBox in debug mode.

- Only three invalid attempts are allowed at the login page. After the final
incorrect attempt, user is redirected to CAPTCHA page. Visiting the login page
using the URL works but entering the correct credentials still takes the user to
CAPTCHA page.

- CAPTCHA form appears as expected. Clicking the CAPTCHA images downloads the
audio file corresponding to the image. Incorrect CAPTCHA shows an error. Correct
CAPTCHA takes the user to login form where they are able to login with correct
credentials. Entering incorrect credentials 3 times will take the user again to
CAPTCHA page.

- Creating user account during firstboot works.

- Blocked IP address the IP of the client such as 10.42.0.1 and not the local IP
address 127.0.0.1 according the django-axes log messages. While one client IP
address is blocked, another IP is able to login to the same user account that
was attempted by the blocked client.

Signed-off-by: Sunil Mohan Adapa <sunil@medhas.org>
Reviewed-by: James Valleroy <jvalleroy@mailbox.org>

debian/control

@@ -26,8 +26,11 @@ Build-Depends:
  python3-configobj,
  python3-dbus,
  python3-django (>= 1.11),
- python3-django-axes (>= 3.0.3),
+ python3-django-axes (>= 5.0.0),
  python3-django-captcha,
+# Explictly depend on ipware as it is optional dependecy for future versions
+# of django-axes.
+ python3-django-ipware (>= 3),
  python3-django-stronghold (>= 0.3.0),
  python3-flake8,
  python3-gi,
@@ -108,8 +111,11 @@ Depends:
  python3-configobj,
  python3-dbus,
  python3-django (>= 1.11),
- python3-django-axes (>= 3.0.3),
+ python3-django-axes (>= 5.0.0),
  python3-django-captcha,
+# Explictly depend on ipware as it is optional dependecy for future versions
+# of django-axes.
+ python3-django-ipware (>= 3),
  python3-django-stronghold,
  python3-gi,
  python3-markupsafe,

plinth/__main__.py

@@ -7,13 +7,9 @@ import sys
 
 from . import __version__
 from . import app as app_module
-from . import (cfg, frontpage, glib, log, menu, module_loader, setup, utils,
+from . import (cfg, frontpage, glib, log, menu, module_loader, setup,
                web_framework, web_server)
 
-if utils.is_axes_old():
-    import axes
-    axes.default_app_config = 'plinth.axes_app_config.AppConfig'
-
 precedence_commandline_arguments = ["server_dir", "develop"]
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

plinth/axes_app_config.py

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
-"""
-Overridden AppConfig from django-axes to avoid monkey-patched LoginView
-"""
-
-from django import apps
-
-
-class AppConfig(apps.AppConfig):
-    name = 'axes'
-
-    def ready(self):
-        # Signals must be loaded for axes to get the login_failed signals
-        from axes import signals  # noqa pylint: disable=unused-import isort:skip

plinth/log.py

@@ -125,6 +125,9 @@ def get_configuration():
         'loggers': {
             'django.db.backends': {
                 'level': 'INFO'  # Set to 'DEBUG' to log database queries
+            },
+            'axes': {
+                'level': 'INFO'  # Too verbose during DEBUG
             }
         }
     }

plinth/modules/sso/forms.py

@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@ Forms for the Single Sign On app of FreedomBox.
 """
 
 from captcha.fields import CaptchaField
+from django import forms
 from django.contrib.auth.forms import \
     AuthenticationForm as DjangoAuthenticationForm
+from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 class AuthenticationForm(DjangoAuthenticationForm):
@@ -20,6 +22,7 @@ class AuthenticationForm(DjangoAuthenticationForm):
         })
 
 
-class CaptchaAuthenticationForm(AuthenticationForm):
+class CaptchaForm(forms.Form):
-    """Authentication form with an additional Captcha field."""
+    """Form with a CAPTCHA field to use after 3 invalid login attempts."""
-    captcha = CaptchaField()
+    captcha = CaptchaField(
+        label=_('Enter the letters in the image to proceed to the login page'))

plinth/modules/sso/templates/captcha.html

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+{% comment %}
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+{% endcomment %}
+
+{% load bootstrap %}
+{% load i18n %}
+
+{% block content %}
+
+  <form class="form form-captcha" method="post">
+
+    <div class="row">
+      {% csrf_token %}
+      <div class="col-md-4 offset-md-4">
+        {{ form|bootstrap }}
+
+        <div class="text-center">
+          <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary"
+                 value="{% trans "Proceed to Login" %}" />
+        </div>
+     </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <input type="hidden" name="next" value="{{ next }}" />
+  </form>
+
+{% endblock %}

plinth/modules/sso/urls.py

@@ -3,21 +3,20 @@
 URLs for the Single Sign On module.
 """
 
-from axes.decorators import axes_dispatch
 from django.urls import re_path
 from stronghold.decorators import public
 
 from plinth.utils import non_admin_view
 
-from .views import CaptchaLoginView, SSOLoginView, refresh
+from .views import CaptchaView, SSOLoginView, refresh
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    re_path(r'^accounts/sso/login/$',
+    re_path(r'^accounts/sso/login/$', public(SSOLoginView.as_view()),
-            public(axes_dispatch(SSOLoginView.as_view())), name='sso-login'),
+            name='sso-login'),
     re_path(r'^accounts/sso/refresh/$', non_admin_view(refresh),
             name='sso-refresh'),
 
     # Locked URL from django-axes
-    re_path(r'accounts/sso/login/locked/$', public(CaptchaLoginView.as_view()),
+    re_path(r'accounts/sso/login/locked/$', public(CaptchaView.as_view()),
             name='locked_out'),
 ]

plinth/modules/sso/views.py

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import os
 import urllib
 
 import axes.utils
-from axes.decorators import axes_form_invalid
 from django import shortcuts
 from django.contrib import messages
 from django.contrib.auth import REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME
@@ -15,11 +14,12 @@ from django.contrib.auth.views import LoginView
 from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
 from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
 from django.views.decorators.http import require_POST
+from django.views.generic.edit import FormView
 
-from plinth import translation, utils, web_framework
+from plinth import translation
 
 from . import privileged
-from .forms import AuthenticationForm, CaptchaAuthenticationForm
+from .forms import AuthenticationForm, CaptchaForm
 
 PRIVATE_KEY_FILE_NAME = 'privkey.pem'
 SSO_COOKIE_NAME = 'auth_pubtkt'
@@ -58,39 +58,23 @@ class SSOLoginView(LoginView):
 
         return response
 
-    # XXX: Use axes middleware and authentication backend instead of
-    # axes_form_invalid when axes >= 5.0.0 becomes available in Debian stable.
-    @axes_form_invalid
-    def form_invalid(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        """Trigger django-axes logic to deal with too many attempts."""
-        return super().form_invalid(*args, **kwargs)
 
+class CaptchaView(FormView):
+    """A simple form view with a CAPTCHA image.
 
-class CaptchaLoginView(LoginView):
+    When a user performs too many login attempts, they will no longer be able
-    """A login view with mandatory CAPTCHA image."""
+    to login with the typical login view. They will be redirected to this view.
+    On successfully solving the CAPTCHA in this form, their ability to use the
+    login form will be reset.
+    """
 
-    redirect_authenticated_user = True
+    template_name = 'captcha.html'
-    template_name = 'login.html'
+    form_class = CaptchaForm
-    form_class = CaptchaAuthenticationForm
 
-    def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
+    def form_valid(self, form):
-        """Handle a request and return a HTTP response."""
+        """Reset login attempts and redirect to login page."""
-        response = super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
+        axes.utils.reset_request(self.request)
-        if not request.POST:
+        return shortcuts.redirect('users:login')
-            return response
-
-        if not request.user.is_authenticated:
-            return response
-
-        # Successful authentication
-        if utils.is_axes_old():
-            ip_address = web_framework.get_ip_address_from_request(request)
-            axes.utils.reset(ip=ip_address)
-            logger.info(
-                'Login attempts reset for IP after successful login: %s',
-                ip_address)
-
-        return set_ticket_cookie(request.user, response)
 
 
 @require_POST

plinth/modules/users/forms.py

@@ -398,7 +398,9 @@ class FirstBootForm(ValidNewUsernameCheckMixin, auth.forms.UserCreationForm):
     def login_user(self, username, password):
         """Try to login the user with the credentials provided"""
         try:
-            user = auth.authenticate(username=username, password=password)
+            # Django axes requires the request attribute
+            user = auth.authenticate(request=self.request, username=username,
+                                     password=password)
             auth.login(self.request, user)
         except Exception:
             pass

plinth/modules/users/urls.py

@@ -3,11 +3,10 @@
 URLs for the Users module
 """
 
-from axes.decorators import axes_dispatch
 from django.urls import re_path
 from stronghold.decorators import public
 
-from plinth.modules.sso.views import CaptchaLoginView, SSOLoginView, logout
+from plinth.modules.sso.views import CaptchaView, SSOLoginView, logout
 from plinth.utils import non_admin_view
 
 from . import views
@@ -24,14 +23,11 @@ urlpatterns = [
             name='change_password'),
 
     # Authnz is handled by SSO
-
+    re_path(r'^accounts/login/$', public(SSOLoginView.as_view()),
-    # XXX: Use axes authentication backend and middleware instead of
+            name='login'),
-    # axes_dispatch after axes 5.x becomes available in Debian stable.
-    re_path(r'^accounts/login/$',
-            public(axes_dispatch(SSOLoginView.as_view())), name='login'),
     re_path(r'^accounts/logout/$', public(logout), name='logout'),
     re_path(r'^users/firstboot/$', public(views.FirstBootView.as_view()),
             name='firstboot'),
-    re_path(r'accounts/login/locked/$', public(CaptchaLoginView.as_view()),
+    re_path(r'accounts/login/locked/$', public(CaptchaView.as_view()),
             name='locked_out'),
 ]

plinth/settings.py

@@ -48,9 +48,21 @@ AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
     },
 ]
 
+AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS = [
+    # AxesStandaloneBackend should be the first backend. If the user is locked
+    # out due to too many attempts, the backend denies further attempts untill
+    # unlocked by a CAPTCHA form.
+    'axes.backends.AxesStandaloneBackend',
+
+    # Django ModelBackend is the default authentication backend.
+    'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend',
+]
+
 AXES_LOCKOUT_URL = 'locked/'
 
-AXES_RESET_ON_SUCCESS = True  # Only used with axes >= 4.4.3
+AXES_RESET_ON_SUCCESS = True
+
+AXES_VERBOSE = False
 
 CACHES = {
     'default': {
@@ -128,6 +140,11 @@ MIDDLEWARE = (
     'plinth.middleware.FirstSetupMiddleware',
     'plinth.modules.first_boot.middleware.FirstBootMiddleware',
     'plinth.middleware.SetupMiddleware',
+
+    # AxesMiddleware should be the last middleware. It only formats user
+    # lockout messages and renders Axes lockout responses on failed user
+    # authentication attempts from login views.
+    'axes.middleware.AxesMiddleware',
 )
 
 PASSWORD_HASHERS = [

plinth/utils.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import markupsafe
 import ruamel.yaml
 from django.utils.functional import lazy
 
-from plinth.version import Version
+from plinth.version import Version  # noqa
 
 
 def import_from_gi(library, version):
@@ -169,23 +169,6 @@ def is_non_empty_file(file_path):
     return os.path.isfile(file_path) and os.path.getsize(file_path) > 0
 
 
-def is_axes_old():
-    """Return true if using django-axes version strictly less than 5.0.0.
-
-    XXX: Remove this method and allow code that uses it after django-axes >=
-    5.0.0 becomes available in Debian stable.
-
-    """
-    import axes
-    try:
-        version = axes.get_version()
-    except AttributeError:
-        # axes.get_version() was removed in 5.0.13
-        return False
-
-    return Version(version) < Version('5.0')
-
-
 def is_authenticated_user(username, password):
     """Return true if the user authentication succeeds."""
     import pam  # Minimize dependencies for running tests

plinth/web_framework.py

@@ -129,14 +129,3 @@ def get_wsgi_application():
 def get_static_url():
     """Return Django static URL."""
     return django.conf.settings.STATIC_URL
-
-
-def get_ip_address_from_request(request):
-    """Return the IP address of the original client."""
-    if cfg.use_x_forwarded_for:
-        x_forwarded_for = request.META.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')
-        ip_address = x_forwarded_for.split(',')[0]
-    else:
-        ip_address = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
-
-    return ip_address